Ren Shen

3-9g.

LD50: 16.5mg/kg (mice/Ginseng extract/hypodermic injection).

20-glucoginsenoside-Rf ; Notoginsenoside-R1, R4; Panaxynol; Panaxydol; Falcarinol; Heptadec-1-ene-4,6-diyn-3,9-diol; Panaxydol chlorohydrine; Panaxytriol; Acetyl panaxydol; Ginsenoyne-A-K; (-, (-Guriunene; (-, (-Panasinsene; Caryophyllene; (-farnesene; (-, (-Neoclovene; (-, (-Humulene; (-, (-, (-Selinene; Selina-4(14),7(11)-diene; Caryophyllene alcohol; Bicyclogermacrene; (-, (-guaiene; (-cubebene; (-patchoulene; Eremophilene; (-, (-elemene; (-bisabolene; (-aromadendrene; (-, (-santalene ; (-, (-cadiene; (-maliene; Mayurone; Ledol; Panasinsanol A, B; Ginsenol; Spathulenol; 4 (, 10 (-aromadendranediol,; Neointermedeol; Eicosenoic acid; Citric acid; Fumaric acid; Malic acid; Maleic acid; Succinic acid; Tartaric acid; Salycylic acid; Vanillic acid; Oleic acid; Linoleic acid; Linolenic acid; Palmitoleic acid; Palmitic acid; Palmitin; Linolein; (-, (-dipalmitin; (-sitosterol; Stigmasterol; Campersterol; Daucosterol; Glucose; Fructose; Galactose; Arabinose; Rhamnose; Xylose; Mannose; Sucrose; Maltose; Raffinose; Panose A, B, C, D; Panaxan A-U; Glacturonic acid; Arginine; (-aminobutyric acid; Glutamic acid; Aspartic Acid; Proline; Lysine; (-N-oxalyl-L-(-, (-diaminopropionic acid; N9-formylharman; Ethyl-(-carboline-1-carboxylate; Perlolyrine; Choline; Lysophosphatidyl choline; Phosphatidyl choline; Phosphatidylinositol; Phosphatidyl serine; Phosphatidyl ethanolamine; Phosphatidyl glycerol; Di-phosphatidyl glycerol; Phosphatidic acid; Gomisin, A, N; Ginsenoside-Ro, -Ra1, -Ra2, -Ra3, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rb3, -Re, -Rd, -Rg3; Guinguenoside-R1, R2; Malonylginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf,-Rg1, -Rg2,-Rh1; (8E)-1,8-heptadecadiene-4, 6-diyne-3, 10-diol; (-sitosterol-3-(6-linoleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-palmitoleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-(6-stearoyl)glucopyranoside; (-sitosterol-3-6-(oleoyl) glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-linolcoyl)glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside; Stigmasterol-3-(6-oleoyl)glucopyranoside; (-, (-dilinoleoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dilinolenoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dioleoyl glycerogalactolipid; (-, (-dipalmitoyl glycerogalactolipid.(1)

Al, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, P, B, and 26 inorganic elements and vitamins B1, B2, C, and nicotinic acid

1. Reported adverse effects include erythema, fatal poisoning, persistent hiccups, severe edema, hypokalemia, diabetic relapse, diseases of the five sense organs, melanosis, hypertension, allergic reactions, high fever, etc.(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(11),(12),(13)

2. An analysis of the reported cases involving adverse effects found: 1) 52.9% of the cases involved the nervous system, 11.8% the circulatory system, 8.8% the digestive system, 8.8% shock and death, 17.7% others; 2) the age of the patients involved ranged from 1 month to 74 years old; 3) the number of cases involving men was 1.7 times greater than that involving women; 4) all cases involved oral administration with one exception, wherein intramuscular injection was the mode of administration; 5) dosage ranged from 3 to 40 grams; and 6) the adverse effects occurred from several minutes to 30 days after treatment.(14)

Depending on which active component of Ginseng is exerting the predominant pharmacological action, Ginseng can have an excitatory or an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system.(15)

Ginseng enhances the body's immunity and adaptability, and counteracts lipid peroxidation.(16)

Ginseng inhibits plasma cyclic nucleoside-phosphate.(17) The water decoction of Ginseng can significantly enhance the activity of liver cell DNA methylase in mice of physiological renal deficiency.(18)

Administered to patients of Alzheimer's disease, Ginseng can regulate their central cholinergy level and the change in the monoamine nerve transmitter.(19)

Ginseng significantly inhibits S180 and H22 sarcomas with an average inhibition rate of 24.88% and 41.10%, respectively.(20)

Research on central nervous transmitter, protein and cerebral nucleic acid synthesis, and the second messenger system shows that Ginseng promotes intelligence.(21)

As rats age, their plasma T3, T4 cortisol levels decrease; Ginseng is observed to be able to reverse this trend.(22)

Administered at the dosage of 30g/kg, Ginseng can significantly lower the blood sugar level in mice of alloxan-induced diabetes. The same effect is not observed in healthy mice.(23)

Although Ginseng extract is not known to be capable of destroying directly the structure of endotoxins, it does counteract induced heat, decrease in white blood cell count, and shock.(24)

Ginseng can lower the cAMP level ischemic cardiac muscles.(25)

Ginseng inhibits both human serum albumin and rat crystalline.(26)