Zhi Shi Wyoming

Internal administration: decocted, 3 to 10g, or made into bolus and powder. 5:1 concentrated extract: 0.6 to 2 grams/day.

LD50 (mice/herb solution): 267 ± 37g/kg (peritoneal injection), and 71.8 ± 6.5g/kg (IV injection). No severe adverse effects were observed when as much as 21g/kg of Zhi Shi was administered to anesthetized dogs within half an hour. One time IV administration of Zhi Shi in overdose dosages, however, would cause a steep rise in blood pressure (over 180-200mm Hg), resulting in temporary ectopic rhythm and anuria.(1)

Hesperidin; Neohesperidin; Naringin; Synephrine; N-methyltyramine; Umbeliferone; Auraptene; D-limonene; Citric acid; Vitamin C; Vitamin P; Pectin.(2),(3)

Exercise caution when prescribing Zhi Shi to pregnant women.

Synephrine and N-methyltyramine, two effective components of Zhi Shi, have anti-shock effects on anesthetized dogs.(4) Experiments show that when administered at 06.mg/kg by an IV injection, synephrine is effective in raising the blood pressure of rabbits in severe hemorrhagic shock.(5)

Using the electrogastrographic readings of healthy rabbits as the basis for comparison, experiments show that Zhi Shi can significantly increase the amplitude and frequency of rabbits' electrogastrographic readings. The incubation period of this effect is 30 minutes, and the duration is two hours.(6)

Zhi Shi can enhance the myoelectric activity in the smooth muscles of sheep jejunum and ileum, and shorten the cycle of migrating synthetic myoelectricity.(7) The flavone glycosides of Zhi Shi inhibit the contraction of isolated smooth muscles of rats.(8)

In-vitro experiments in rabbits show that Zhi Shi can significantly inhibit platelet aggregation, and enhance erythrocytes' deformation capacity.(9)

Zhi Shi volatile oil can significantly reduce the number of times mice twist their bodies as a reaction to acetic acid stimulation, indicating that the herb has an analgesic effect.(10)

Hesperidin and neohesperidin, two active components of Zhi Shi, can significantly suppress carrageenin-induced foot swelling in rats.(11)

Zhi Shi extracts can strengthen the contractility of isolated rabbit uteruses.(12)

Experiments show that 24mg/ml of N-methyltyramine, an active component of Zhi Shi, can significantly enhance the contractility of isolated guinea pig cardiac atria. At 0.125, 0.25, or 1.0mg, N-methyltyramine can strengthen the myocardial contraction of isolated guinea pig hearts. Administered to rabbits at 20mg/kg by IV injection, N-methyltyramine can significantly increase the level of cGMP in the subjects' serum.(13)